While this has remained the official name

Who was Gerard Kuiper

moncler outlet sale In the outer reaches of the Solar System, beyond the orbit of Neptune, lies a region permeated by celestial objects and minor planets. This disc, he reasoned, was the source of the Solar Systems many comets, and the reason there were no large planets beyond Neptune. moncler outlet sale

cheap moncler jackets sale Gerard Kuiper is also regarded by many as being the of planetary science During the 1960s and 70s, he played a crucial role in the development of infrared airborne astronomy, a technology which led to many pivotal discoveries that would have been impossible using ground based observatories. At the same time, he helped catalog asteroids, buy moncler jackets surveyed the Moon, Mars and the outer Solar System, and discovered new moons. cheap moncler jackets sale

moncler sale outlet Gerard Kuiper, nee Gerrit Kuiper, was born on December 7th, 1905, in the village of Harenkarspel in northern Holland. As a child, he had extraordinarily sharp eyesight, and was able to see magnitude 7.5 stars with the naked eye (which are about four times fainter than most stars visible to the naked eye). His keen eyesight spurred his interest in Moncler Outlet astronomy, which was evident from an early age. moncler sale outlet

cheap moncler outlet In 1924, Kuiper began studying at Leiden University, where the famed 17th moncler outlet century Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens also studied. At the time, a very large number of astronomers had congregated at the university, and Kuiper went on to befriend many of them. Among his teachers were fellow Dutch moncler sale outlet astronomer Jan Oort (for whom the Oort Cloud is named) and Paul Ehrenfest, the Austrian Dutch physicist who developed the phase transition theory of quantum mechanics. in Astronomy and went straight into his graduate studies. In 1933, he finished his doctoral thesis on binary stars and then traveled to California to become a fellow at the Lick Observatory. In 1935, he left to work at the Harvard College Observatory, where he met his future wife, Sarah Parker Fuller. The two became married on June 20th, 1936. cheap moncler outlet

In 1937, Kuiper took a position at the Yerkes Observatory at the University of Chicago and became an American citizen. Over the course of the next few decades, he participated in many astronomical surveys and made many discoveries that advanced the field of planetary science. The first came in between 1944 and 1947, while making observations of Mars and the outer Solar System.

Using ground based telescopes, Kuiper confirmed the existence of a methane rich atmosphere above Titan (Saturn largest moon). In 1947, he used similar methods to discover that carbon dioxide was a major component of Mars atmosphere. That same year, he predicted that the rings of Saturn were primarily composed of particles of ice, and discovered Miranda, the fifth moon of Uranus.

moncler outlet online In 1949, Kuiper initiated the Yerkes McDonald asteroid survey, moncler outlet online a photometric study of asteroids conducted by the University of Chicago and the University of Texas at Austin, which ran from 1950 to 1952. At the time, the survey was limited to magnitude 16 asteroids, but cheap moncler outlet also paved the way for the Palomar Leiden survey, which Kuiper also initiated, in 1961. moncler outlet online

moncler outlet jackets This collaborative effort involved the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL) in Arizona, the Palomar Observatory in San Diego, and the Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands (Kuiper Alma Mater). This survey used photographic plates taken by the LPL with the 48 inch Schmidt camera at the Palomar Observatory. moncler outlet jackets

Once minor planets (and asteroids with magnitudes greater than 20) were discovered, their orbital elements were computed at the Cincinnati Observatory, with all other aspects of the program including analysis of the photographs conducted at the Leiden Observatory. This survey resulted in the discovery of a large number of asteroids, with roughly 200 400 asteroids being discovered per plate, and a total of 130 plates being used.

In 1956, Kuiper proved that Mars polar icecaps were not composed of carbon dioxide, as had been previously thought, and were instead composed of water ice. In the 1960s, Kuiper also helped identify landing sites on the Moon for the Apollo program, and even predicted what the surface of the Moon would be like to walk on. His claims that the lunar surface would be crunchy snow were confirmed in 1969 by astronaut Neil Armstrong.

moncler jacket sale It was also in the 1960s that Kuiper made his seminal contributions to the development of infrared airborne cheap moncler jackets astronomy. In 1967, NASA four engine jet Convair 990 aircraft became available with an onboard telescope, which was used to conduct infrared studies at an altitude of 12,192 meters (40,000 feet). Kuiper used it extensively to make spectroscopic studies of the Sun, the stars, and the Solar planets. moncler jacket sale

Kuiper spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, but moved to Tucson, Arizona, in 1960 to found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. To his colleagues, Gerard was known for being a demanding boss, whose routine included hard work and long hours. Dale Cruikshank, a fellow scientist who worked at the LPL under Kuiper, claimed that:

cheap moncler worked extremely hard himself, and he demanded the same dedication, devotion and seriousness from everybody around him. If they didn give that, or if they didn perform, they ran afoul of him. That applied to students. It also applied to fellow faculty, technical associates and engineers anybody around him. But at the same time, he had a humorous side, a warm side, a personal side that was in some ways appealing. while difficult to work with, Kuiper was also known for having a warm side and a sense of humor. He also prided himself on being knowledgeable and surrounding himself with people who knew things that he did not. Kuiper was the laboratory director until his death in 1973. cheap moncler

The possible existence of a Trans Neptunian population of objects had been speculated about since shortly after the discovery of Pluto in 1930. One of the first was astronomer Armin O. Leuschner, who in 1930 suggested that Pluto “may be one of many long period planetary objects yet to be discovered.”

In 1943, in the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Kenneth Edgeworth https://www.moncleroutletssale.com further expounded on the subject, claiming that the material within the primordial solar nebula beyond Neptune moncler outlet store was too widely spaced to condense cheap moncler into planets, and so rather condensed into a myriad of smaller bodies.

moncler jackets outlet In 1951, in an article moncler mens jackets for the journal Astrophysics, Gerard Kuiper speculated how a similar disc could have formed early in the Solar System’s evolution. Occasionally one of the objects from this disc would wander into the inner Solar System and become a comet, he claimed, thus explaining the origins of comets while also offering an explanation of why there were no large planets beyond Neptune. moncler jackets outlet

However, it would be many decades before the existence of this disc was proven and a name given to it. The first step came in 1980, when Uruguayan astronomer Julio Fernndez submitted a paper to the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in which he speculated that a comet belt that lay between 35 and 50 AU would be required to account for the observed number of comets. It was this paper that later astronomers would draw upon when it came time to name the belt.

In 1987, astronomer David Jewitt of MIT and graduate student Jane Luu began using the telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona and the Cerro Tololo Inter American Observatory in Chile to search the outer Solar System. After five years of searching, on August 30th, 1992, Jewitt and Luu announced the “Discovery of the candidate monlcer down jackets Kuiper belt object” (15760) 1992 moncler sale QB1. Six months later, they discovered a second object in the region, (181708) 1993 FW, and many more followed.

cheap moncler jackets Pluto and its cohorts in the icy asteroid rich Kuiper Belt beyond the orbit of Neptune. Credit: NASA cheap moncler jackets

moncler outlet Similarly, in 1988, a Canadian team of astronomers (team of Martin Duncan, Tom Quinn and Scott Tremaine) began running computer simulations which determined that the Oort cloud could not account for all short period comets. With a “belt”, as Fernndez described it, added to the formulations, the simulations matched observations. moncler outlet

In their 1988 paper, Tremaine and his colleagues referred to the hypothetical region beyond Neptune as the “Kuiper Belt”, apparently due to the fact that Fernndez used the words “Kuiper” and “comet belt” in the opening sentence of his paper. While this has remained the official name, astronomers sometimes use the alternative name Belt to credit Edgeworth for his earlier theoretical work.

Gerard Kuiper died in 1973 while on moncler outlet sale a vacation with his wife in Mexico, where he suffered a fatal heart attack. Because of his many achievements and long history of work in the field of astronomy, he has received many accolades over the years. These include naming the Kuiper Belt in his honor, as well naming the asteroid belt object 2520 P L after him (aka. 1776 Kuiper).

moncler outlet uk Three craters have also been named cheap moncler coats in his honor the Kuiper crater on the Moon, the Kuiper crater on Mars, and the Kuiper crater on Mercury. Owing to his work in airborne astronomy, NASA now decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) a highly modified Lockheed C 141A Starlifter which carried a 91.5 cm (36 inch) telescope was also named after him. moncler outlet uk

moncler outlet store A view of the Kuiper Space Sciences Building at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. The prize is awarded annually to scientists whose lifetime achievements have advanced our understanding of the planetary sciences. moncler outlet store

cheap moncler coats Winners of this award include Carl Sagan, James Van Allen (discover of the Van Allen Radiation Belt around Earth), and Eugene Shoemaker (who co discovered Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 with his wife Carolyn S. Shoemaker and David H. Levy). cheap moncler coats

moncler sale Because of his dedicated leadership at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, one of the three buildings that make up the facility (the Kuiper Space Sciences Building, shown above) was named in his honor. And one hundred years after Gerard birth, NASA New Horizons mission was well on its way to the Kuiper Belt region of our Solar System, as part of its mission to study Pluto and its moon Charon. moncler sale

Dr. Richard Binzel, the New Horizons co investigator and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), acknowledged his team dept to the departed scientist. was one of the first scientists to focus almost exclusively on exploring the properties of planets, he said. work laid the foundation for the spacecraft missions of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Credit: NASA.